8051 microcontroller architecture
why the crystal oscillator frequency in 8051 is chosen as 11.0592 Mhz
This has to do with the arrangement used to generate baud rate frequency. There is only an 8 bit timer/counter (T1) available for generating the baud rate clock. It is used in mode 2 (auto reload). To get good computational speed, the crystal has to have a high frequency. The propagation delays of the datapaths allow around 12 MHz. If we try to divide the crystal frequency directly, then to get the lowest baud rate of 300, we would need a divisor of 12*10^6/300 = 40000. It would have not been possible with an 8 bit counter. Therefore the crystal frequency is first divided by 12 and then by 32 before giving it to the counter. Now the counter could manage baud rates as low as 12*10^6/256/12/32 = 122. But if we use a round figure frequency of 12 MHz for the crystal, then the division factors turn out to be fractional. For 300 baud we need a divisor of 104.1. Choosing the nearest integer 104 does not matter much here but the situation is much worse for high baud rates. For 9...
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